https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR039042

Culpepper, J., Sharma, S., Gunn, G., Magee, M. R., Meyer, M. F., Anderson, E. J., Arp, C., Cooley, S. W., Dolan, W., Dugan, H. A., Duguay, C. R., Jones, B. M., Kirillin, G., Ladwig, R., Leppäranta, M., Long, D., Magnuson, J. J., Pavelsky, T., Piccolroaz, S., Robertson, D. M., Steele, B. G., Tom, M., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Woolway, R. I., Xenopoulos, M. A., Yang, X. (2025) One-Hundred Fundamental, Open Questions to Integrate Methodological Approaches in Lake Ice Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Water Resources Research, Vol 61, Iss 5, e2024WR039042, 0043-1397, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR039042

The rate of technological innovation within aquatic sciences outpaces the collective ability of individual scientists within the field to make appropriate use of those technologies. The process of in situ lake sampling remains the primary choice to comprehensively understand an aquatic ecosystem at local scales; however, the impact of climate change on lakes necessitates the rapid advancement of understanding and the incorporation of lakes on both landscape and global scales. Three fields driving innovation within winter limnology that we address here are autonomous real-time in situ monitoring, remote sensing, and modeling. The recent progress in low-power in situ sensing and data telemetry allows continuous tracing of under-ice processes in selected lakes as well as the development of global lake observational networks. Remote sensing offers consistent monitoring of numerous systems, allowing limnologists to ask certain questions across large scales. Models are advancing and historically come in different types (process-based or statistical data-driven), with the recent technological advancements and integration of machine learning and hybrid process-based/statistical models. Lake ice modeling enhances our understanding of lake dynamics and allows for projections under future climate warming scenarios. To encourage the merging of technological innovation within limnological research of the less-studied winter period, we have accumulated both essential details on the history and uses of contemporary sampling, remote sensing, and modeling techniques. We crafted 100 questions in the field of winter limnology that aim to facilitate the cross-pollination of intensive and extensive modes of study to broaden knowledge of the winter period.

Limnology is a field that has largely been relegated to the summer period when the water is open. Seasonal ice cover limits access and presents numerous challenges to studying lakes, limiting the understanding of seasonal lake processes. Research within the last decade has dramatically increased on lake ice cover, primarily through in situ observation, satellite remote sensing, and modeling. However, blending these methods of inquiry synergistically is an outstanding challenge. To facilitate forthcoming lake ice research, we present a set of 100 questions that deal individually with each research method and best practices in how to integrate these methods. These questions can be used by the lake ice community to drive research within a quickly growing field and to help round out winter as a seasonal aspect of limnology more broadly rather than a subdiscipline.

Keywords: lake ice, remote sensing, modeling, limnology, cryosphere

https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR039042